Monopoly (game) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"Go To Jail" redirects here. For the 1. 98. 3 videogame, see Automonopoli. Monopoly is a board game that originated in the United States in 1. Henry George and in particular his ideas about taxation and women’s rights.[3] The current version was first published by Parker Brothers in 1. Subtitled "The Fast- Dealing Property Trading Game", the game is named after the economic concept of monopoly—the domination of a market by a single entity. It is now produced by the United States game and toy company Hasbro. Players move around the gameboard buying or trading properties, developing their properties with houses and hotels, and collecting rent from their opponents, with the goal being to drive them all into bankruptcy leaving one monopolist in control of the entire economy. Since the board game was first commercially sold in the 1. History[edit]Early history[edit]The history of Monopoly can be traced back to 1. American anti- monopolist Elizabeth (Lizzie) J. Magie Phillips, created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George. It was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies. Magie took out a patent in 1. . gameplay to the Express Monopoly card game. Monopoly. Doll, Jen. 'An Anti-Capitalist Woman Invented Monopoly and a Man Got All. Rook; Scattergories. How to Understand Classic Card. Rook was invented by an employee at Parker Brothers in the early 1900s. It is a trick-taking game with a wild card called the 'Rook. Rook Card Game 4.5 out. Get a taste of trading on the commodities market with this Deluxe Pit Game. we can enjoy games that were invented decades ago! New page on the card game Yukon and its Scandinavian relative Gold-Digger. a Hearts variant played with Rook cards. Home Page > What's New? Her game, The Landlord's Game, was self- published, beginning in 1. A series of variant board games based on her concept was developed from 1. Cardboard houses were added and rents were increased as they were added. Magie again patented the game in 1. According to an advertisement placed in The Christian Science Monitor, Charles Todd of Philadelphia recalled the day in 1. Esther Jones, now married to Charles Darrow, came to their house with her husband for dinner. After the meal, the Darrows played the game of Monopoly several times with them, a game that was entirely new to the Darrows, and before he left, Darrow asked for a written set of the rules. After Darrow brought his own Monopoly game out, the Todds never spoke to the Darrows again.[citation needed]By 1. The Landlord's Game" called Monopoly was the basis of the board game sold by Parker Brothers, beginning on 6 February 1. Several people, mostly in the Midwestern United States and near the East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution, and this is when the game's design took on the 4. Г—1. 0 space- to- a- side layout and familiar cards were produced. The original version of the game in this format was based on streets in Atlantic City, New Jersey. By the 1. 97. 0s, the false notion that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore: it was printed in the game's instructions. In 1. 93. 6, Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States. In 1. 94. 1, the British Secret Intelligence Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game in the United Kingdom, create a special edition for World War IIprisoners of war held by the Nazis.[8] Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by British secret service- created fake charity groups.[9]1. Economics professor Ralph Anspach published a game Anti- Monopoly in 1. Parker Brothers in 1. The case went to trial in 1. Anspach won on appeals in 1. Circuit Court determined that the trademark Monopoly was generic, and therefore unenforceable.[1. The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case, allowing the appellate court ruling to stand. This decision was overturned by the passage of Public Law 9. With that law in place, Parker Brothers and its parent companies (Hasbro) continue to hold valid trademarks for the game Monopoly. . The Most Fun Card Games. Cards. many historians believe that playing cards were invented in China during the 9th century. The first card game followed. . American architect Alfred Mosher Butts created the game as a variation on an earlier word game he invented. Scrabble game. Rook; Scattergories; Scrabble. However, Anti- Monopoly was exempted from the law and Anspach later reached a settlement with Hasbro and markets his game under license from them.[1. The research that Dr. Anspach conducted during the course of the litigation was what helped to bring the game's history before Charles Darrow into the spotlight. A new wave of licensed products began in 1. Hasbro granted a license to USAopoly to begin publishing a San Diego Edition of Monopoly, which has since been followed by over 1. Other licensees include Winning Moves Games (since 1. Winning Solutions, Inc. United States.[1. Winning Moves also has offices in the UK, France, Germany and Australia, and other licensees include AH Media in The Netherlands, and Bestman Games in Nigeria.[1. The Monopolygameboard consists of 4. Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, (In) Jail/Just Visiting, Free Parking, and Go to Jail.[1. US versions[edit]There have been some changes to the board since the original. Not all of the Chance and Community Chest cards as printed in the 1. Mr. Monopoly character (then known as "Rich Uncle Pennybags") were added in that same timeframe.[2. A graphic of a chest containing coins was added to the Community Chest spaces, as were the flat purchase prices of all of the properties. Traditionally, the Community Chest cards were yellow (although they sometimes were printed on blue stock) with no decoration or text on the back, and the Chance cards were orange, likewise with no text or decoration on the back.[2. Invented Card Games. A point-trick game invented by Glenn Overby. Rook Pyramid A version of Pyramid Solitaire played with Rook cards.Hasbro commissioned a major redesign to the US Standard Edition of the game in 2. Among the changes: the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues (which changed from purple to brown), the colors of the GO square (which changed from red to black), the adoption of a flat $2. Income Tax (formerly the player's choice of $2. Luxury Tax amount (upped from $7. There were also changes to the Chance and Community Chest cards; for example, the "poor tax" and "grand opera opening" cards became "speeding fine" and "it is your birthday", respectively; though their effects remained the same, and the player must pay only $5. In addition, a player now gets $5. Advance to Illinois Avenue card now has the added text concerning a player collecting $2. Go on the way there.[2. Similar color and amount changes are used in the US Edition of the "Here and Now: World Edition" game, and are also used in the most recent versions of the Mc. Donald's Monopoly promotion.[original research?]All of the Chance and Community Chest cards received a graphic upgrade in 2. Mr. Monopoly's classic line illustration was also now usually replaced by renderings of a 3. D Mr. Monopoly model. The backs of the cards have their respective symbols, with Community Chest cards in blue, and Chance cards in orange.[citation needed]In the US versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey.[2. Atlantic City's Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. in the 1. 98. St. Charles Place no longer exists, as the now- defunct Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran.[2. Standard (American Edition) Monopoly board layout as of September 2. Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is a misspelling of the original location name, Marven Gardens. The misspelling was introduced by Charles and Olive Todd, who taught the game to Charles Darrow, and passed on when their homemade Monopoly board was copied by Darrow and thence to Parker Brothers. The Todds also changed the Atlantic City Quakers' Arctic Avenue to Mediterranean, and shortened the Shore Fast Line to the Short Line.[2. It was not until 1. Parker Brothers acknowledged the misspelling of Marvin Gardens, formally apologizing to the residents of Marven Gardens.[2. Short Line refers to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City.[2. The B& O Railroad did not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1. Atlantic City in the mid- 1. Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Seashore Lines were a joint venture of the Reading and Pennsylvania companies; all lost a large number of lines, and passenger service was absent from the 1. New Jersey Transit.[citation needed]The Baltimore & Ohio (now part of CSX) was the parent of the Reading. There is a tunnel in Philadelphia where track to the south was B. O. and track to the north is Reading. The Central of N. J. did not have track to Atlantic City but was the daughter of the Reading (and granddaughter of the B. O.) Their track ran from the New York City area to Delaware Bay and some trains ran on the Reading- controlled track to Atlantic City.[2. The actual "Electric Company" and "Water Works" serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority.[2. UK version[edit]. The board cover of the standard British version, with the 2. In the 1. 93. 0s, John Waddington Ltd. Waddingtons) was a firm of printers from Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards. Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1. United States. The managing director of Waddingtons, Victor Watson, gave the game to his son Norman (who was head of the card games division) to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning – transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States. Watson felt that for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom, the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations. The Angel, Islington, is not a street in London but a building (and the name of the road intersection it is located at). It was a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road. By the 1. 93. 0s, the inn had become a J. Scrabble - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles, each bearing a single letter, onto a gameboard which is divided into a 1. Г—1. 5 grid of squares. The tiles must form words which, in crossword fashion, flow left to right in rows or downwards in columns. The words must be defined in a standard dictionary. Specified reference works (e. Official Tournament and Club Word List, the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary) provide a list of officially permissible words. The name Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. United States and Canada and has been sold by Hasbro's Parker Brothers division since 1. Prior to 1. 99. 9, it was sold as a Milton Bradley game. Outside the United States and Canada, Scrabble is a trademark of Mattel. The game is sold in 1. American homes have a Scrabble set.[1][2][3]Game details[edit]. A game of Scrabble in progress. The game is played by two to four players on a square board with a 1. Г—1. 5 grid of cells (individually known as "squares"), each of which accommodates a single letter tile. In official club and tournament games, play is between two players or, occasionally, between two teams each of which collaborates on a single rack.[4]The board is marked with "premium" squares, which multiply the number of points awarded: eight dark red "triple- word" squares, 1. H8), is marked with a star or other symbol; 1. In 2. 00. 8, Hasbro changed the colors of the premium squares to orange for TW, red for DW, blue for DL, and green for TL. Despite this, the original premium square color scheme is still the preferred scheme for Scrabble boards used in tournaments.[5]In an English- language set, the game contains 1. The number of points of each lettered tile is based on the letter's frequency in standard English writing; commonly used letters such as vowels are worth one point, while less common letters score higher, with Q and Z each worth 1. The game also has two blank tiles that are unmarked and carry no point value. The blank tiles can be used as substitutes for any letter; once laid on the board, however, the choice is fixed. Other language sets use different letter set distributions with different point values. Tiles are usually made of wood or plastic and are 1. Г— 0. 7. 5 in) square and 4 mm (0. Only the rosewood tiles of the deluxe edition varies the width up to 2 mm (0. Travelling versions of the game often have smaller tiles (e. Г— 1. 3 mm (0. 5. Г— 0. 5. 1 in)); sometimes they are magnetic to keep them in place. The capital letter is printed in black at the centre of the tile face and the letter's point value printed in a smaller font at the bottom right corner. The official Scrabble board design. Г—LS = Double letter score 3. Г—LS= Triple letter score. Г—WS / в… = Double word score 3. Г—WS = Triple word score. History[edit]In 1. American architect Alfred Mosher Butts created the game as a variation on an earlier word game he invented called Lexiko. The two games had the same set of letter tiles, whose distributions and point values Butts worked out by performing a frequency analysis of letters from various sources, including The New York Times. The new game, which he called "Criss- Crosswords," added the 1. Г—1. 5 gameboard and the crossword- style game play. He manufactured a few sets himself, but was not successful in selling the game to any major game manufacturers of the day.[7]In 1. James Brunot,[8] a resident of Newtown, Connecticut – and one of the few owners of the original Criss- Crosswords game – bought the rights to manufacture the game in exchange for granting Butts a royalty on every unit sold. Though he left most of the game (including the distribution of letters) unchanged, Brunot slightly rearranged the "premium" squares of the board and simplified the rules; [citation needed] he also changed the name of the game to "Scrabble", a real word which means "to scratch frantically". In 1. 94. 9, Brunot and his family made sets in a converted former schoolhouse in Dodgingtown, a section of Newtown. They made 2,4. 00 sets that year, but lost money.[9] According to legend, Scrabble '​s big break came in 1. Jack Straus, president of Macy's, played the game on vacation. Upon returning from vacation, he was surprised to find that his store did not carry the game. He placed a large order and within a year, "everyone had to have one."[citation needed]In 1. Brunot sold manufacturing rights to Long Island- based Selchow and Righter, one of the manufacturers who, like Parker Brothers and Milton Bradley Company, had previously rejected the game. In its second year as a Selchow and Righter- built product, nearly four million sets were sold.[1. Selchow and Righter bought the trademark to the game in 1. JW Spears began selling the game in Australia and the UK on January 1. The company is now a subsidiary of Mattel.[7] In 1. Selchow and Righter was sold to Coleco, which soon after went bankrupt. Hasbro purchased the company's assets, including Scrabble and Parcheesi.[1. In 1. 98. 4, Scrabble was turned into a daytime game show on NBC. Scrabble ran from July 1. March 1. 99. 0,[1. January to June 1. The show was hosted by Chuck Woolery. The show's tagline promotional broadcasts was, "Every man dies; not every man truly Scrabbles."[1. In 2. 01. 1, a new TV variation of Scrabble, called Scrabble Showdown, aired on The Hub cable channel, which is a joint venture of Discovery Communications, Inc. Hasbro. Scrabble was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2. Evolution of the rules[edit]The "box rules" included in each copy of the USA/Canada edition have been edited four times: in 1. The major changes in 1. It was made clear that. The previously unspecified penalty for having one's play successfully challenged was stated: withdrawal of tiles and loss of turn. The major changes in 1. It was made clear that the blank tile beats an A when drawing to see who goes first. A player could now pass his/her turn, doing nothing. A loss- of- turn penalty was added for challenging an acceptable play. If final scores are tied, the player whose score was highest before adjusting for unplayed tiles is the winner; in tournament play, a tie is counted as half a win for both players.[citation needed]The editorial changes made in 1. The major changes in 1. It was made clear that. Playing all seven tiles is officially called a "Bingo". A change in the wording of the rules, could be interpreted as meaning that a player may form more than one word on one row on a single turn. Notation system[edit]In the notation system common in tournament play, columns are labeled with the letters "A- O" and rows with the numbers "1- 1. On Scrabble boards manufactured by Mattel as well as on the Internet Scrabble Club, rows are lettered while columns are numbered instead.) A play is usually identified in the format xy WORD score or WORD xy score, where x denotes the column or row on which the play's main word extends, y denotes the second coordinate of the main word's first letter, and WORD is the main word. Although unnecessary, additional words formed by the play are occasionally listed after the main word and a slash. In the case where the play of a single tile forms words in each direction, one of the words is arbitrarily chosen to serve as the main word for purposes of notation. When a blank tile is employed in the main word, the letter it has been chosen to represent is indicated with a lower case letter, or, in handwritten notation, with a square around the letter. Parentheses are sometimes also used to designate a blank, although this may create confusion with a second (optional) function of parentheses, namely indication of an existing letter or word that has been "played through" by the main word. Example: (played through the existing letter D and word AL, using a blank for the second I, extending down the D column and beginning on row 3, and scoring 7. When annotating, the play would be written A(D)DITi. ON(AL). The parentheses can be omitted, though, if each play states how many tiles were laid on the board in that play. As well, a number of symbols have been employed to indicate the validity of words: * means an illegal, or phony, word.# means a word valid in games using the British- originated word list (CSW1. American- originated word list (TWL2) only.! Sequence of play[edit]Before the game, a resource, either a word list or a dictionary, is selected for the purpose of adjudicating any challenges during the game. The letter tiles are either put in an opaque bag or placed face down on a flat surface. Opaque cloth bags and customized tiles are staples of clubs and tournaments, where games are rarely played without both. Next, players decide the order in which they play. The normal approach is for players to each draw one tile: The player who picks the letter closest to the beginning of the alphabet goes first, with the blank tiles taking precedence over A's. In North American tournaments, the rules of the US- based North American Scrabble Players Association (NASPA) stipulate instead that players who have gone first in the fewest number of previous games in the tournament go first, and when that rule yields a tie, those who have gone second the most go first. If there is still a tie, tiles are drawn as in the standard rules. At the beginning of the game, and after each turn until the bag is empty (or until there are no more face- down tiles), players draw tiles to fill their "racks", or tile holders, with seven tiles, from which they will make plays. Each rack is concealed from the other players. During a turn, a player will have seven tiles on his or her rack (with the exception of the endgame). On each turn, the player has three options: Pass, forfeiting the turn and scoring nothing. Exchange one or more tiles for an equal number from the bag, scoring nothing, an option available only if at least seven tiles remain in the bag.
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